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Editing: utext.h

// © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
/*
*******************************************************************************
*
*   Copyright (C) 2004-2012, International Business Machines
*   Corporation and others.  All Rights Reserved.
*
*******************************************************************************
*   file name:  utext.h
*   encoding:   UTF-8
*   tab size:   8 (not used)
*   indentation:4
*
*   created on: 2004oct06
*   created by: Markus W. Scherer
*/

#ifndef __UTEXT_H__
#define __UTEXT_H__

/**
 * \file
 * \brief C API: Abstract Unicode Text API
 *
 * The Text Access API provides a means to allow text that is stored in alternative
 * formats to work with ICU services. ICU normally operates on text that is
 * stored in UTF-16 format, in (UChar *) arrays for the C APIs or as type
 * UnicodeString for C++ APIs.
 *
 * ICU Text Access allows other formats, such as UTF-8 or non-contiguous
 * UTF-16 strings, to be placed in a UText wrapper and then passed to ICU services.
 *
 * There are three general classes of usage for UText:
 *
 * Application Level Use. This is the simplest usage - applications would
 * use one of the utext_open() functions on their input text, and pass
 * the resulting UText to the desired ICU service.
 *
 * Second is usage in ICU Services, such as break iteration, that will need to
 * operate on input presented to them as a UText. These implementations
 * will need to use the iteration and related UText functions to gain
 * access to the actual text.
 *
 * The third class of UText users are "text providers." These are the
 * UText implementations for the various text storage formats. An application
 * or system with a unique text storage format can implement a set of
 * UText provider functions for that format, which will then allow
 * ICU services to operate on that format.
 *
 *
 * Iterating over text
 *
 * Here is sample code for a forward iteration over the contents of a UText
 *
 * \code
 * UChar32 c;
 * UText *ut = whatever();
 *
 * for (c=utext_next32From(ut, 0); c>=0; c=utext_next32(ut)) {
 * // do whatever with the codepoint c here.
 * }
 * \endcode
 *
 * And here is similar code to iterate in the reverse direction, from the end
 * of the text towards the beginning.
 *
 * \code
 * UChar32 c;
 * UText *ut = whatever();
 * int textLength = utext_nativeLength(ut);
 * for (c=utext_previous32From(ut, textLength); c>=0; c=utext_previous32(ut)) {
 * // do whatever with the codepoint c here.
 * }
 * \endcode
 *
 * Characters and Indexing
 *
 * Indexing into text by UText functions is nearly always in terms of the native
 * indexing of the underlying text storage. The storage format could be UTF-8
 * or UTF-32, for example. When coding to the UText access API, no assumptions
 * can be made regarding the size of characters, or how far an index
 * may move when iterating between characters.
 *
 * All indices supplied to UText functions are pinned to the length of the
 * text. An out-of-bounds index is not considered to be an error, but is
 * adjusted to be in the range 0 <= index <= length of input text.
 *
 *
 * When an index position is returned from a UText function, it will be
 * a native index to the underlying text. In the case of multi-unit characters,
 * it will always refer to the first position of the character,
 * never to the interior. This is essentially the same thing as saying that
 * a returned index will always point to a boundary between characters.
 *
 * When a native index is supplied to a UText function, all indices that
 * refer to any part of a multi-unit character representation are considered
 * to be equivalent. In the case of multi-unit characters, an incoming index
 * will be logically normalized to refer to the start of the character.
 * 
 * It is possible to test whether a native index is on a code point boundary
 * by doing a utext_setNativeIndex() followed by a utext_getNativeIndex().
 * If the index is returned unchanged, it was on a code point boundary. If
 * an adjusted index is returned, the original index referred to the
 * interior of a character.
 *
 * Conventions for calling UText functions
 *
 * Most UText access functions have as their first parameter a (UText *) pointer,
 * which specifies the UText to be used. Unless otherwise noted, the
 * pointer must refer to a valid, open UText. Attempting to
 * use a closed UText or passing a NULL pointer is a programming error and
 * will produce undefined results or NULL pointer exceptions.
 * 
 * The UText_Open family of functions can either open an existing (closed)
 * UText, or heap allocate a new UText. Here is sample code for creating
 * a stack-allocated UText.
 *
 * \code
 * char *s = whatever(); // A utf-8 string 
 * U_ErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
 * UText ut = UTEXT_INITIALIZER;
 * utext_openUTF8(ut, s, -1, &status);
 * if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
 * // error handling
 * } else {
 * // work with the UText
 * }
 * \endcode
 *
 * Any existing UText passed to an open function _must_ have been initialized, 
 * either by the UTEXT_INITIALIZER, or by having been originally heap-allocated
 * by an open function. Passing NULL will cause the open function to
 * heap-allocate and fully initialize a new UText.
 *
 */

#include "unicode/utypes.h"
#include "unicode/uchar.h"
#if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API
#include "unicode/localpointer.h"
#include "unicode/rep.h"
#include "unicode/unistr.h"
#include "unicode/chariter.h"
#endif

U_CDECL_BEGIN

struct UText;
typedef struct UText UText; /**< C typedef for struct UText. @stable ICU 3.6 */

/***************************************************************************************
 *
 *   C Functions for creating UText wrappers around various kinds of text strings.
 *
 ****************************************************************************************/

/**
 * Close function for UText instances.
 * Cleans up, releases any resources being held by an open UText.
 * 
 * If the UText was originally allocated by one of the utext_open functions,
 * the storage associated with the utext will also be freed.
 * If the UText storage originated with the application, as it would with
 * a local or static instance, the storage will not be deleted.
 *
 * An open UText can be reset to refer to new string by using one of the utext_open()
 * functions without first closing the UText. 
 *
 * @param ut The UText to be closed.
 * @return NULL if the UText struct was deleted by the close. If the UText struct
 * was originally provided by the caller to the open function, it is
 * returned by this function, and may be safely used again in
 * a subsequent utext_open.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_close(UText *ut);

/**
 * Open a read-only UText implementation for UTF-8 strings.
 * 
 * \htmlonly
 * Any invalid UTF-8 in the input will be handled in this way:
 * a sequence of bytes that has the form of a truncated, but otherwise valid,
 * UTF-8 sequence will be replaced by a single unicode replacement character, \uFFFD. 
 * Any other illegal bytes will each be replaced by a \uFFFD.
 * \endhtmlonly
 * 
 * @param ut     Pointer to a UText struct.  If NULL, a new UText will be created.
 *               If non-NULL, must refer to an initialized UText struct, which will then
 *               be reset to reference the specified UTF-8 string.
 * @param s      A UTF-8 string.  Must not be NULL.
 * @param length The length of the UTF-8 string in bytes, or -1 if the string is
 *               zero terminated.
 * @param status Errors are returned here.
 * @return       A pointer to the UText.  If a pre-allocated UText was provided, it
 *               will always be used and returned.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openUTF8(UText *ut, const char *s, int64_t length, UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Open a read-only UText for UChar * string.
 * 
 * @param ut     Pointer to a UText struct.  If NULL, a new UText will be created.
 *               If non-NULL, must refer to an initialized UText struct, which will then
 *               be reset to reference the specified UChar string.
 * @param s      A UChar (UTF-16) string
 * @param length The number of UChars in the input string, or -1 if the string is
 *               zero terminated.
 * @param status Errors are returned here.
 * @return       A pointer to the UText.  If a pre-allocated UText was provided, it
 *               will always be used and returned.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openUChars(UText *ut, const UChar *s, int64_t length, UErrorCode *status);

#if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API
/**
 * Open a writable UText for a non-const UnicodeString. 
 * 
 * @param ut      Pointer to a UText struct.  If NULL, a new UText will be created.
 *                 If non-NULL, must refer to an initialized UText struct, which will then
 *                 be reset to reference the specified input string.
 * @param s       A UnicodeString.
 * @param status Errors are returned here.
 * @return        Pointer to the UText.  If a UText was supplied as input, this
 *                 will always be used and returned.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openUnicodeString(UText *ut, icu::UnicodeString *s, UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Open a UText for a const UnicodeString.   The resulting UText will not be writable.
 * 
 * @param ut    Pointer to a UText struct.  If NULL, a new UText will be created.
 *               If non-NULL, must refer to an initialized UText struct, which will then
 *               be reset to reference the specified input string.
 * @param s      A const UnicodeString to be wrapped.
 * @param status Errors are returned here.
 * @return       Pointer to the UText.  If a UText was supplied as input, this
 *               will always be used and returned.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openConstUnicodeString(UText *ut, const icu::UnicodeString *s, UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Open a writable UText implementation for an ICU Replaceable object.
 * @param ut    Pointer to a UText struct.  If NULL, a new UText will be created.
 *               If non-NULL, must refer to an already existing UText, which will then
 *               be reset to reference the specified replaceable text.
 * @param rep    A Replaceable text object.
 * @param status Errors are returned here.
 * @return       Pointer to the UText.  If a UText was supplied as input, this
 *               will always be used and returned.
 * @see Replaceable
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openReplaceable(UText *ut, icu::Replaceable *rep, UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Open a  UText implementation over an ICU CharacterIterator.
 * @param ut    Pointer to a UText struct.  If NULL, a new UText will be created.
 *               If non-NULL, must refer to an already existing UText, which will then
 *               be reset to reference the specified replaceable text.
 * @param ci     A Character Iterator.
 * @param status Errors are returned here.
 * @return       Pointer to the UText.  If a UText was supplied as input, this
 *               will always be used and returned.
 * @see Replaceable
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_openCharacterIterator(UText *ut, icu::CharacterIterator *ci, UErrorCode *status);

#endif

/**
  *  Clone a UText.  This is much like opening a UText where the source text is itself
  *  another UText.
  *
  *  A deep clone will copy both the UText data structures and the underlying text.
  *  The original and cloned UText will operate completely independently; modifications
  *  made to the text in one will not affect the other.  Text providers are not
  *  required to support deep clones.  The user of clone() must check the status return
  *  and be prepared to handle failures.
  *
  *  The standard UText implementations for UTF8, UChar *, UnicodeString and
  *  Replaceable all support deep cloning.
  *
  *  The UText returned from a deep clone will be writable, assuming that the text
  *  provider is able to support writing, even if the source UText had been made
  *  non-writable by means of UText_freeze().
  *
  *  A shallow clone replicates only the UText data structures; it does not make
  *  a copy of the underlying text.  Shallow clones can be used as an efficient way to 
  *  have multiple iterators active in a single text string that is not being
  *  modified.
  *
  *  A shallow clone operation will not fail, barring truly exceptional conditions such
  *  as memory allocation failures.
  *
  *  Shallow UText clones should be avoided if the UText functions that modify the
  *  text are expected to be used, either on the original or the cloned UText.
  *  Any such modifications  can cause unpredictable behavior.  Read Only
  *  shallow clones provide some protection against errors of this type by
  *  disabling text modification via the cloned UText.
  *
  *  A shallow clone made with the readOnly parameter == FALSE will preserve the 
  *  utext_isWritable() state of the source object.  Note, however, that
  *  write operations must be avoided while more than one UText exists that refer
  *  to the same underlying text.
  *
  *  A UText and its clone may be safely concurrently accessed by separate threads.
  *  This is true for read access only with shallow clones, and for both read and
  *  write access with deep clones.
  *  It is the responsibility of the Text Provider to ensure that this thread safety
  *  constraint is met.
  *
  *  @param dest   A UText struct to be filled in with the result of the clone operation,
  *                or NULL if the clone function should heap-allocate a new UText struct.
  *                If non-NULL, must refer to an already existing UText, which will then
  *                be reset to become the clone.
  *  @param src    The UText to be cloned.
  *  @param deep   TRUE to request a deep clone, FALSE for a shallow clone.
  *  @param readOnly TRUE to request that the cloned UText have read only access to the 
  *                underlying text.

*  @param status Errors are returned here.  For deep clones, U_UNSUPPORTED_ERROR
  *                will be returned if the text provider is unable to clone the
  *                original text.
  *  @return       The newly created clone, or NULL if the clone operation failed.
  *  @stable ICU 3.4
  */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_clone(UText *dest, const UText *src, UBool deep, UBool readOnly, UErrorCode *status);

/**
  *  Compare two UText objects for equality.
  *  UTexts are equal if they are iterating over the same text, and
  *    have the same iteration position within the text.
  *    If either or both of the parameters are NULL, the comparison is FALSE.
  *
  *  @param a   The first of the two UTexts to compare.
  *  @param b   The other UText to be compared.
  *  @return    TRUE if the two UTexts are equal.
  *  @stable ICU 3.6
  */
U_STABLE UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_equals(const UText *a, const UText *b);

/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *   Functions to work with the text represented by a UText wrapper
 *
 *****************************************************************************/

/**
  * Get the length of the text.  Depending on the characteristics
  * of the underlying text representation, this may be expensive.  
  * @see  utext_isLengthExpensive()
  *
  *
  * @param ut  the text to be accessed.
  * @return the length of the text, expressed in native units.
  *
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
U_STABLE int64_t U_EXPORT2
utext_nativeLength(UText *ut);

/**
 *  Return TRUE if calculating the length of the text could be expensive.
 *  Finding the length of NUL terminated strings is considered to be expensive.
 *
 *  Note that the value of this function may change
 *  as the result of other operations on a UText.
 *  Once the length of a string has been discovered, it will no longer
 *  be expensive to report it.
 *
 * @param ut the text to be accessed.
 * @return TRUE if determining the length of the text could be time consuming.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_isLengthExpensive(const UText *ut);

/**
 * Returns the code point at the requested index,
 * or U_SENTINEL (-1) if it is out of bounds.
 *
 * If the specified index points to the interior of a multi-unit
 * character - one of the trail bytes of a UTF-8 sequence, for example -
 * the complete code point will be returned.
 *
 * The iteration position will be set to the start of the returned code point.
 *
 * This function is roughly equivalent to the sequence
 *    utext_setNativeIndex(index);
 *    utext_current32();
 * (There is a subtle difference if the index is out of bounds by being less than zero - 
 * utext_setNativeIndex(negative value) sets the index to zero, after which utext_current()
 * will return the char at zero.  utext_char32At(negative index), on the other hand, will
 * return the U_SENTINEL value of -1.)
 * 
 * @param ut the text to be accessed
 * @param nativeIndex the native index of the character to be accessed.  If the index points
 *        to other than the first unit of a multi-unit character, it will be adjusted
 *        to the start of the character.
 * @return the code point at the specified index.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_char32At(UText *ut, int64_t nativeIndex);

/**
 *
 * Get the code point at the current iteration position,
 * or U_SENTINEL (-1) if the iteration has reached the end of
 * the input text.
 *
 * @param ut the text to be accessed.
 * @return the Unicode code point at the current iterator position.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_current32(UText *ut);

/**
 * Get the code point at the current iteration position of the UText, and
 * advance the position to the first index following the character.
 *
 * If the position is at the end of the text (the index following
 * the last character, which is also the length of the text), 
 * return U_SENTINEL (-1) and do not advance the index. 
 *
 * This is a post-increment operation.
 *
 * An inline macro version of this function, UTEXT_NEXT32(), 
 * is available for performance critical use.
 *
 * @param ut the text to be accessed.
 * @return the Unicode code point at the iteration position.
 * @see UTEXT_NEXT32
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_next32(UText *ut);

/**
 *  Move the iterator position to the character (code point) whose
 *  index precedes the current position, and return that character.
 *  This is a pre-decrement operation.
 *
 *  If the initial position is at the start of the text (index of 0) 
 *  return U_SENTINEL (-1), and leave the position unchanged.
 *
 *  An inline macro version of this function, UTEXT_PREVIOUS32(), 
 *  is available for performance critical use.
 *
 *  @param ut the text to be accessed.
 *  @return the previous UChar32 code point, or U_SENTINEL (-1) 
 *          if the iteration has reached the start of the text.
 *  @see UTEXT_PREVIOUS32
 *  @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_previous32(UText *ut);

/**
  * Set the iteration index and return the code point at that index. 
  * Leave the iteration index at the start of the following code point.
  *
  * This function is the most efficient and convenient way to
  * begin a forward iteration.  The results are identical to the those
  * from the sequence
  * \code
  *    utext_setIndex();
  *    utext_next32();
  * \endcode
  *
  *  @param ut the text to be accessed.
  *  @param nativeIndex Iteration index, in the native units of the text provider.
  *  @return Code point which starts at or before index,
  *         or U_SENTINEL (-1) if it is out of bounds.
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
U_STABLE UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_next32From(UText *ut, int64_t nativeIndex);

/**
  * Set the iteration index, and return the code point preceding the
  * one specified by the initial index.  Leave the iteration position
  * at the start of the returned code point.
  *
  * This function is the most efficient and convenient way to
  * begin a backwards iteration.
  *
  * @param ut the text to be accessed.
  * @param nativeIndex Iteration index in the native units of the text provider.
  * @return Code point preceding the one at the initial index,
  *         or U_SENTINEL (-1) if it is out of bounds.
  *
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
U_STABLE UChar32 U_EXPORT2
utext_previous32From(UText *ut, int64_t nativeIndex);

/**
  * Get the current iterator position, which can range from 0 to 
  * the length of the text.
  * The position is a native index into the input text, in whatever format it
  * may have (possibly UTF-8 for example), and may not always be the same as
  * the corresponding UChar (UTF-16) index.
  * The returned position will always be aligned to a code point boundary. 
  *
  * @param ut the text to be accessed.
  * @return the current index position, in the native units of the text provider.
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
U_STABLE int64_t U_EXPORT2
utext_getNativeIndex(const UText *ut);

/**
 * Set the current iteration position to the nearest code point
 * boundary at or preceding the specified index.
 * The index is in the native units of the original input text.
 * If the index is out of range, it will be pinned to be within
 * the range of the input text.
 * 
 * It will usually be more efficient to begin an iteration
 * using the functions utext_next32From() or utext_previous32From()
 * rather than setIndex().
 * 
 * Moving the index position to an adjacent character is best done
 * with utext_next32(), utext_previous32() or utext_moveIndex32().
 * Attempting to do direct arithmetic on the index position is
 * complicated by the fact that the size (in native units) of a
 * character depends on the underlying representation of the character
 * (UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32, arbitrary codepage), and is not
 * easily knowable.
 *
 * @param ut the text to be accessed.
 * @param nativeIndex the native unit index of the new iteration position.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE void U_EXPORT2
utext_setNativeIndex(UText *ut, int64_t nativeIndex);

/**
 * Move the iterator position by delta code points. The number of code points
 * is a signed number; a negative delta will move the iterator backwards,
 * towards the start of the text.
 * 
 * The index is moved by <code>delta</code> code points
 * forward or backward, but no further backward than to 0 and
 * no further forward than to utext_nativeLength().
 * The resulting index value will be in between 0 and length, inclusive.
 *
 * @param ut the text to be accessed.
 * @param delta the signed number of code points to move the iteration position.
 * @return TRUE if the position could be moved the requested number of positions while
 * staying within the range [0 - text length].
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_moveIndex32(UText *ut, int32_t delta);

/**
 * Get the native index of the character preceding the current position.
 * If the iteration position is already at the start of the text, zero
 * is returned.
 * The value returned is the same as that obtained from the following sequence,
 * but without the side effect of changing the iteration position.
 *   
 * \code
 *    UText  *ut = whatever;
 *      ...
 *    utext_previous(ut)
 *    utext_getNativeIndex(ut);
 * \endcode
 *
 * This function is most useful during forwards iteration, where it will get the
 *   native index of the character most recently returned from utext_next().
 *
 * @param ut the text to be accessed
 * @return the native index of the character preceding the current index position,
 *         or zero if the current position is at the start of the text.
 * @stable ICU 3.6
 */
U_STABLE int64_t U_EXPORT2
utext_getPreviousNativeIndex(UText *ut);

/**
 *
 * Extract text from a UText into a UChar buffer. The range of text to be extracted
 * is specified in the native indices of the UText provider. These may not necessarily
 * be UTF-16 indices.
 * 
 * The size (number of 16 bit UChars) of the data to be extracted is returned. The
 * full number of UChars is returned, even when the extracted text is truncated
 * because the specified buffer size is too small.
 * 
 * The extracted string will (if you are a user) / must (if you are a text provider)
 * be NUL-terminated if there is sufficient space in the destination buffer. This
 * terminating NUL is not included in the returned length.
 * 
 * The iteration index is left at the position following the last extracted character.
 *
 * @param ut the UText from which to extract data.
 * @param nativeStart the native index of the first character to extract.\
 * If the specified index is out of range,
 * it will be pinned to be within 0 <= index <= textLength
 * @param nativeLimit the native string index of the position following the last
 * character to extract. If the specified index is out of range,
 * it will be pinned to be within 0 <= index <= textLength.
 * nativeLimit must be >= nativeStart.
 * @param dest the UChar (UTF-16) buffer into which the extracted text is placed
 * @param destCapacity The size, in UChars, of the destination buffer. May be zero
 * for precomputing the required size.
 * @param status receives any error status.
 * U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR: the extracted text was truncated because the 
 * buffer was too small. Returns number of UChars for preflighting.
 * @return Number of UChars in the data to be extracted. Does not include a trailing NUL.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE int32_t U_EXPORT2
utext_extract(UText *ut,
 int64_t nativeStart, int64_t nativeLimit,
 UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
 UErrorCode *status);

/************************************************************************************
 *
 *  #define inline versions of selected performance-critical text access functions
 *          Caution:  do not use auto increment++ or decrement-- expressions
 *                    as parameters to these macros.
 *
 *          For most use, where there is no extreme performance constraint, the
 *          normal, non-inline functions are a better choice.  The resulting code
 *          will be smaller, and, if the need ever arises, easier to debug.
 *
 *          These are implemented as #defines rather than real functions
 *          because there is no fully portable way to do inline functions in plain C.
 *
 ************************************************************************************/

#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
/**
 * inline version of utext_current32(), for performance-critical situations.
 *
 * Get the code point at the current iteration position of the UText.
 * Returns U_SENTINEL (-1) if the position is at the end of the
 * text.
 *
 * @internal ICU 4.4 technology preview
 */
#define UTEXT_CURRENT32(ut) \
 ((ut)->chunkOffset < (ut)->chunkLength && ((ut)->chunkContents)[(ut)->chunkOffset]<0xd800 ? \
 ((ut)->chunkContents)[((ut)->chunkOffset)] : utext_current32(ut))
#endif /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

/**
 * inline version of utext_next32(), for performance-critical situations.
 *
 * Get the code point at the current iteration position of the UText, and
 * advance the position to the first index following the character.
 * This is a post-increment operation.
 * Returns U_SENTINEL (-1) if the position is at the end of the
 * text.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
#define UTEXT_NEXT32(ut) \
 ((ut)->chunkOffset < (ut)->chunkLength && ((ut)->chunkContents)[(ut)->chunkOffset]<0xd800 ? \
 ((ut)->chunkContents)[((ut)->chunkOffset)++] : utext_next32(ut))

/**
 * inline version of utext_previous32(), for performance-critical situations.
 *
 * Move the iterator position to the character (code point) whose
 * index precedes the current position, and return that character.
 * This is a pre-decrement operation.
 * Returns U_SENTINEL (-1) if the position is at the start of the text.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
#define UTEXT_PREVIOUS32(ut) \
 ((ut)->chunkOffset > 0 && \
 (ut)->chunkContents[(ut)->chunkOffset-1] < 0xd800 ? \
 (ut)->chunkContents[--((ut)->chunkOffset)] : utext_previous32(ut))

/**
 * inline version of utext_getNativeIndex(), for performance-critical situations.
 *
 * Get the current iterator position, which can range from 0 to 
 * the length of the text.
 * The position is a native index into the input text, in whatever format it
 * may have (possibly UTF-8 for example), and may not always be the same as
 * the corresponding UChar (UTF-16) index.
 * The returned position will always be aligned to a code point boundary. 
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.6
 */
#define UTEXT_GETNATIVEINDEX(ut) \
 ((ut)->chunkOffset <= (ut)->nativeIndexingLimit? \
 (ut)->chunkNativeStart+(ut)->chunkOffset : \
 (ut)->pFuncs->mapOffsetToNative(ut))

/**
 * inline version of utext_setNativeIndex(), for performance-critical situations.
 *
 * Set the current iteration position to the nearest code point
 * boundary at or preceding the specified index.
 * The index is in the native units of the original input text.
 * If the index is out of range, it will be pinned to be within
 * the range of the input text.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.8
 */
#define UTEXT_SETNATIVEINDEX(ut, ix) UPRV_BLOCK_MACRO_BEGIN { \
 int64_t __offset = (ix) - (ut)->chunkNativeStart; \
 if (__offset>=0 && __offset<(int64_t)(ut)->nativeIndexingLimit && (ut)->chunkContents[__offset]<0xdc00) { \
 (ut)->chunkOffset=(int32_t)__offset; \
 } else { \
 utext_setNativeIndex((ut), (ix)); \
 } \
} UPRV_BLOCK_MACRO_END

/************************************************************************************
 *
 *   Functions related to writing or modifying the text.
 *   These will work only with modifiable UTexts.  Attempting to
 *   modify a read-only UText will return an error status.
 *
 ************************************************************************************/

/**
 *  Return TRUE if the text can be written (modified) with utext_replace() or
 *  utext_copy().  For the text to be writable, the text provider must
 *  be of a type that supports writing and the UText must not be frozen.
 *
 *  Attempting to modify text when utext_isWriteable() is FALSE will fail -
 *  the text will not be modified, and an error will be returned from the function
 *  that attempted the modification.
 *
 * @param  ut   the UText to be tested.
 * @return TRUE if the text is modifiable.
 *
 * @see    utext_freeze()
 * @see    utext_replace()
 * @see    utext_copy()
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 *
 */
U_STABLE UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_isWritable(const UText *ut);

/**
  * Test whether there is meta data associated with the text.
  * @see Replaceable::hasMetaData()
  *
  * @param ut The UText to be tested
  * @return TRUE if the underlying text includes meta data.
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
U_STABLE UBool U_EXPORT2
utext_hasMetaData(const UText *ut);

/**
 * Replace a range of the original text with a replacement text.
 *
 * Leaves the current iteration position at the position following the
 *  newly inserted replacement text.
 *
 * This function is only available on UText types that support writing,
 * that is, ones where utext_isWritable() returns TRUE.
 *
 * When using this function, there should be only a single UText opened onto the
 * underlying native text string.  Behavior after a replace operation
 * on a UText is undefined for any other additional UTexts that refer to the
 * modified string.
 *
 * @param ut               the UText representing the text to be operated on.
 * @param nativeStart      the native index of the start of the region to be replaced
 * @param nativeLimit      the native index of the character following the region to be replaced.
 * @param replacementText  pointer to the replacement text
 * @param replacementLength length of the replacement text, or -1 if the text is NUL terminated.
 * @param status           receives any error status.  Possible errors include
 *                         U_NO_WRITE_PERMISSION
 *
 * @return The signed number of (native) storage units by which
 *         the length of the text expanded or contracted.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE int32_t U_EXPORT2
utext_replace(UText *ut,
             int64_t nativeStart, int64_t nativeLimit,
             const UChar *replacementText, int32_t replacementLength,
             UErrorCode *status);

/**
 *
 * Copy or move a substring from one position to another within the text,
 * while retaining any metadata associated with the text.
 * This function is used to duplicate or reorder substrings.
 * The destination index must not overlap the source range.
 *
 * The text to be copied or moved is inserted at destIndex;
 * it does not replace or overwrite any existing text.
 *
 * The iteration position is left following the newly inserted text
 * at the destination position.
 *
 * This function is only available on UText types that support writing,
 * that is, ones where utext_isWritable() returns TRUE.
 *
 * When using this function, there should be only a single UText opened onto the
 * underlying native text string.  Behavior after a copy operation
 * on a UText is undefined in any other additional UTexts that refer to the
 * modified string.
 *
 * @param ut           The UText representing the text to be operated on.
 * @param nativeStart  The native index of the start of the region to be copied or moved
 * @param nativeLimit  The native index of the character position following the region
 *                     to be copied.
 * @param destIndex    The native destination index to which the source substring is
 *                     copied or moved.
 * @param move         If TRUE, then the substring is moved, not copied/duplicated.
 * @param status       receives any error status.  Possible errors include U_NO_WRITE_PERMISSION
 *                       
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE void U_EXPORT2
utext_copy(UText *ut,
          int64_t nativeStart, int64_t nativeLimit,
          int64_t destIndex,
          UBool move,
          UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * 
 * Freeze a UText. This prevents any modification to the underlying text itself
 * by means of functions operating on this UText.
 * 
 * 
 * Once frozen, a UText can not be unfrozen. The intent is to ensure
 * that a the text underlying a frozen UText wrapper cannot be modified via that UText.
 * 
 * 
 * Caution: freezing a UText will disable changes made via the specific
 * frozen UText wrapper only; it will not have any effect on the ability to
 * directly modify the text by bypassing the UText. Any such backdoor modifications
 * are always an error while UText access is occurring because the underlying
 * text can get out of sync with UText's buffering.
 * 
 *
 * @param ut The UText to be frozen.
 * @see utext_isWritable()
 * @stable ICU 3.6
 */
U_STABLE void U_EXPORT2
utext_freeze(UText *ut);

/**
 * UText provider properties (bit field indexes).
 *
 * @see UText
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
enum {
    /**
     * It is potentially time consuming for the provider to determine the length of the text.
     * @stable ICU 3.4
     */
    UTEXT_PROVIDER_LENGTH_IS_EXPENSIVE = 1,
    /**
     * Text chunks remain valid and usable until the text object is modified or
     * deleted, not just until the next time the access() function is called
     * (which is the default).
     * @stable ICU 3.4
     */
    UTEXT_PROVIDER_STABLE_CHUNKS = 2,
    /**
     * The provider supports modifying the text via the replace() and copy()
     * functions.
     * @see Replaceable
     * @stable ICU 3.4
     */
    UTEXT_PROVIDER_WRITABLE = 3,
    /**
     * There is meta data associated with the text.
     * @see Replaceable::hasMetaData()
     * @stable ICU 3.4
     */ 
    UTEXT_PROVIDER_HAS_META_DATA = 4,
    /**
     * Text provider owns the text storage.
     *  Generally occurs as the result of a deep clone of the UText.
     *  When closing the UText, the associated text must
     *  also be closed/deleted/freed/ whatever is appropriate.
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
     UTEXT_PROVIDER_OWNS_TEXT = 5
};

/**
  * Function type declaration for UText.clone().
  *
  *  clone a UText.  Much like opening a UText where the source text is itself
  *  another UText.
  *
  *  A deep clone will copy both the UText data structures and the underlying text.
  *  The original and cloned UText will operate completely independently; modifications
  *  made to the text in one will not effect the other.  Text providers are not
  *  required to support deep clones.  The user of clone() must check the status return
  *  and be prepared to handle failures.
  *
  *  A shallow clone replicates only the UText data structures; it does not make
  *  a copy of the underlying text.  Shallow clones can be used as an efficient way to 
  *  have multiple iterators active in a single text string that is not being
  *  modified.
  *
  *  A shallow clone operation must not fail except for truly exceptional conditions such
  *  as memory allocation failures.
  *
  *  A UText and its clone may be safely concurrently accessed by separate threads.
  *  This is true for both shallow and deep clones.
  *  It is the responsibility of the Text Provider to ensure that this thread safety
  *  constraint is met.

*
  *  @param dest   A UText struct to be filled in with the result of the clone operation,
  *                or NULL if the clone function should heap-allocate a new UText struct.
  *  @param src    The UText to be cloned.
  *  @param deep   TRUE to request a deep clone, FALSE for a shallow clone.
  *  @param status Errors are returned here.  For deep clones, U_UNSUPPORTED_ERROR
  *                should be returned if the text provider is unable to clone the
  *                original text.
  *  @return       The newly created clone, or NULL if the clone operation failed.
  *
  * @stable ICU 3.4
  */
typedef UText * U_CALLCONV
UTextClone(UText *dest, const UText *src, UBool deep, UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.nativeLength().
 *
 * @param ut the UText to get the length of.
 * @return the length, in the native units of the original text string.
 * @see UText
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef int64_t U_CALLCONV
UTextNativeLength(UText *ut);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.access(). Get the description of the text chunk
 * containing the text at a requested native index. The UText's iteration
 * position will be left at the requested index. If the index is out
 * of bounds, the iteration position will be left at the start or end
 * of the string, as appropriate.
 *
 * Chunks must begin and end on code point boundaries. A single code point
 * comprised of multiple storage units must never span a chunk boundary.
 *
 *
 * @param ut the UText being accessed.
 * @param nativeIndex Requested index of the text to be accessed.
 * @param forward If TRUE, then the returned chunk must contain text
 * starting from the index, so that start<=index<limit.
 * If FALSE, then the returned chunk must contain text
 * before the index, so that start<index<=limit.
 * @return True if the requested index could be accessed. The chunk
 * will contain the requested text.
 * False value if a chunk cannot be accessed
 * (the requested index is out of bounds).
 *
 * @see UText
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef UBool U_CALLCONV
UTextAccess(UText *ut, int64_t nativeIndex, UBool forward);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.extract().
 *
 * Extract text from a UText into a UChar buffer. The range of text to be extracted
 * is specified in the native indices of the UText provider. These may not necessarily
 * be UTF-16 indices.
 * 
 * The size (number of 16 bit UChars) in the data to be extracted is returned. The
 * full amount is returned, even when the specified buffer size is smaller.
 * 
 * The extracted string will (if you are a user) / must (if you are a text provider)
 * be NUL-terminated if there is sufficient space in the destination buffer.
 *
 * @param ut the UText from which to extract data.
 * @param nativeStart the native index of the first character to extract.
 * @param nativeLimit the native string index of the position following the last
 * character to extract.
 * @param dest the UChar (UTF-16) buffer into which the extracted text is placed
 * @param destCapacity The size, in UChars, of the destination buffer. May be zero
 * for precomputing the required size.
 * @param status receives any error status.
 * If U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR: Returns number of UChars for
 * preflighting.
 * @return Number of UChars in the data. Does not include a trailing NUL.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef int32_t U_CALLCONV
UTextExtract(UText *ut,
 int64_t nativeStart, int64_t nativeLimit,
 UChar *dest, int32_t destCapacity,
 UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.replace().
 *
 * Replace a range of the original text with a replacement text.
 *
 * Leaves the current iteration position at the position following the
 *  newly inserted replacement text.
 *
 * This function need only be implemented on UText types that support writing.
 *
 * When using this function, there should be only a single UText opened onto the
 * underlying native text string.  The function is responsible for updating the
 * text chunk within the UText to reflect the updated iteration position,
 * taking into account any changes to the underlying string's structure caused
 * by the replace operation.
 *
 * @param ut               the UText representing the text to be operated on.
 * @param nativeStart      the index of the start of the region to be replaced
 * @param nativeLimit      the index of the character following the region to be replaced.
 * @param replacementText  pointer to the replacement text
 * @param replacmentLength length of the replacement text in UChars, or -1 if the text is NUL terminated.
 * @param status           receives any error status.  Possible errors include
 *                         U_NO_WRITE_PERMISSION
 *
 * @return The signed number of (native) storage units by which
 *         the length of the text expanded or contracted.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef int32_t U_CALLCONV
UTextReplace(UText *ut,
             int64_t nativeStart, int64_t nativeLimit,
             const UChar *replacementText, int32_t replacmentLength,
             UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.copy().
 *
 * Copy or move a substring from one position to another within the text,
 * while retaining any metadata associated with the text.
 * This function is used to duplicate or reorder substrings.
 * The destination index must not overlap the source range.
 *
 * The text to be copied or moved is inserted at destIndex;
 * it does not replace or overwrite any existing text.
 *
 * This function need only be implemented for UText types that support writing.
 *
 * When using this function, there should be only a single UText opened onto the
 * underlying native text string.  The function is responsible for updating the
 * text chunk within the UText to reflect the updated iteration position,
 * taking into account any changes to the underlying string's structure caused
 * by the replace operation.
 *
 * @param ut           The UText representing the text to be operated on.
 * @param nativeStart  The index of the start of the region to be copied or moved
 * @param nativeLimit  The index of the character following the region to be replaced.
 * @param nativeDest   The destination index to which the source substring is copied or moved.
 * @param move         If TRUE, then the substring is moved, not copied/duplicated.
 * @param status       receives any error status.  Possible errors include U_NO_WRITE_PERMISSION
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef void U_CALLCONV
UTextCopy(UText *ut,
          int64_t nativeStart, int64_t nativeLimit,
          int64_t nativeDest,
          UBool move,
          UErrorCode *status);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.mapOffsetToNative().
 * Map from the current UChar offset within the current text chunk to
 *  the corresponding native index in the original source text.
 *
 * This is required only for text providers that do not use native UTF-16 indexes.
 *
 * @param ut     the UText.
 * @return Absolute (native) index corresponding to chunkOffset in the current chunk.
 *         The returned native index should always be to a code point boundary.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef int64_t U_CALLCONV
UTextMapOffsetToNative(const UText *ut);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.mapIndexToUTF16().
 * Map from a native index to a UChar offset within a text chunk.
 * Behavior is undefined if the native index does not fall within the
 * current chunk.
 *
 * This function is required only for text providers that do not use native UTF-16 indexes.
 *
 * @param ut The UText containing the text chunk.
 * @param nativeIndex Absolute (native) text index, chunk->start<=index<=chunk->limit.
 * @return Chunk-relative UTF-16 offset corresponding to the specified native
 * index.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef int32_t U_CALLCONV
UTextMapNativeIndexToUTF16(const UText *ut, int64_t nativeIndex);

/**
 * Function type declaration for UText.utextClose().
 *
 * A Text Provider close function is only required for provider types that make
 *  allocations in their open function (or other functions) that must be 
 *  cleaned when the UText is closed.
 *
 * The allocation of the UText struct itself and any "extra" storage
 * associated with the UText is handled by the common UText implementation
 * and does not require provider specific cleanup in a close function.
 *
 * Most UText provider implementations do not need to implement this function.
 *
 * @param ut A UText object to be closed.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
typedef void U_CALLCONV
UTextClose(UText *ut);

/**
  *   (public)  Function dispatch table for UText.
  *             Conceptually very much like a C++ Virtual Function Table.
  *             This struct defines the organization of the table.
  *             Each text provider implementation must provide an
  *              actual table that is initialized with the appropriate functions
  *              for the type of text being handled.
  *   @stable ICU 3.6
  */
struct UTextFuncs {
    /**
     *   (public)  Function table size, sizeof(UTextFuncs)
     *             Intended for use should the table grow to accommodate added
     *             functions in the future, to allow tests for older format
     *             function tables that do not contain the extensions.
     *
     *             Fields are placed for optimal alignment on
     *             32/64/128-bit-pointer machines, by normally grouping together
     *             4 32-bit fields,
     *             4 pointers,
     *             2 64-bit fields
     *             in sequence.
     *   @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    int32_t       tableSize;

/**
      *   (private)  Alignment padding.
      *              Do not use, reserved for use by the UText framework only.
      *   @internal
      */
    int32_t       reserved1, /** @internal */ reserved2, /** @internal */ reserved3;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextClone
     *
     * @see UTextClone
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextClone *clone;

/**
     * (public) function pointer for UTextLength
     * May be expensive to compute!
     *
     * @see UTextLength
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextNativeLength *nativeLength;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextAccess.
     *
     * @see UTextAccess
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextAccess *access;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextExtract.
     *
     * @see UTextExtract
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextExtract *extract;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextReplace.
     *
     * @see UTextReplace
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextReplace *replace;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextCopy.
     *
     * @see UTextCopy
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextCopy *copy;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextMapOffsetToNative.
     *
     * @see UTextMapOffsetToNative
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextMapOffsetToNative *mapOffsetToNative;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextMapNativeIndexToUTF16.
     *
     * @see UTextMapNativeIndexToUTF16
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    UTextMapNativeIndexToUTF16 *mapNativeIndexToUTF16;

/**
     * (public) Function pointer for UTextClose.
      *
      * @see UTextClose
      * @stable ICU 3.6
      */
    UTextClose  *close;

/**
      * (private)  Spare function pointer
      * @internal
      */
    UTextClose  *spare1;
    
    /**
      * (private)  Spare function pointer
      * @internal
      */
    UTextClose  *spare2;

/**
      * (private)  Spare function pointer
      * @internal
      */
    UTextClose  *spare3;

};
/**
 * Function dispatch table for UText
 * @see UTextFuncs
 */
typedef struct UTextFuncs UTextFuncs;

/**
  *   UText struct.  Provides the interface between the generic UText access code
  *                  and the UText provider code that works on specific kinds of
  *                  text  (UTF-8, noncontiguous UTF-16, whatever.)
  *
  *                  Applications that are using predefined types of text providers
  *                  to pass text data to ICU services will have no need to view the
  *                  internals of the UText structs that they open.
  *
  * @stable ICU 3.6
  */
struct UText {
    /**
     *     (private)  Magic.  Used to help detect when UText functions are handed
     *                        invalid or uninitialized UText structs.
     *                        utext_openXYZ() functions take an initialized,
     *                        but not necessarily open, UText struct as an
     *                        optional fill-in parameter.  This magic field
     *                        is used to check for that initialization.
     *                        Text provider close functions must NOT clear
     *                        the magic field because that would prevent
     *                        reuse of the UText struct.
     * @internal
     */
    uint32_t       magic;

/**
     *     (private)  Flags for managing the allocation and freeing of
     *                memory associated with this UText.
     * @internal
     */
    int32_t        flags;

/**
      *  Text provider properties.  This set of flags is maintained by the
      *                             text provider implementation.
      *  @stable ICU 3.4
      */
    int32_t         providerProperties;

/**
     * (public) sizeOfStruct=sizeof(UText)
     * Allows possible backward compatible extension.
     *
     * @stable ICU 3.4
     */
    int32_t         sizeOfStruct;
    
    /* ------ 16 byte alignment boundary -----------  */

/**
      *  (protected) Native index of the first character position following
      *              the current chunk.
      *  @stable ICU 3.6
      */
    int64_t         chunkNativeLimit;

/**
     *   (protected)  Size in bytes of the extra space (pExtra).
     *  @stable ICU 3.4
     */
    int32_t        extraSize;

/**
      *    (protected) The highest chunk offset where native indexing and
      *    chunk (UTF-16) indexing correspond.  For UTF-16 sources, value
      *    will be equal to chunkLength.
      *
      *    @stable ICU 3.6
      */
    int32_t         nativeIndexingLimit;

/* ---- 16 byte alignment boundary------ */
    
    /**
     *  (protected) Native index of the first character in the text chunk.
     *  @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    int64_t         chunkNativeStart;

/**
     *  (protected) Current iteration position within the text chunk (UTF-16 buffer).
     *  This is the index to the character that will be returned by utext_next32().
     *  @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    int32_t         chunkOffset;

/**
     *  (protected) Length the text chunk (UTF-16 buffer), in UChars.
     *  @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    int32_t         chunkLength;

/* ---- 16  byte alignment boundary-- */

/**
     *  (protected)  pointer to a chunk of text in UTF-16 format.
     *  May refer either to original storage of the source of the text, or
     *  if conversion was required, to a buffer owned by the UText.
     *  @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    const UChar    *chunkContents;

/**
      * (public)     Pointer to Dispatch table for accessing functions for this UText.
      * @stable ICU 3.6
      */
    const UTextFuncs     *pFuncs;

/**
     *  (protected)  Pointer to additional space requested by the
     *               text provider during the utext_open operation.
     * @stable ICU 3.4
     */
    void          *pExtra;

/**
     * (protected) Pointer to string or text-containing object or similar.
     * This is the source of the text that this UText is wrapping, in a format
     *  that is known to the text provider functions.
     * @stable ICU 3.4
     */
    const void   *context;

/* --- 16 byte alignment boundary--- */

/**
     * (protected) Pointer fields available for use by the text provider.
     * Not used by UText common code.
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    const void     *p; 
    /**
     * (protected) Pointer fields available for use by the text provider.
     * Not used by UText common code.
     * @stable ICU 3.6
     */
    const void     *q;
     /**
     * (protected) Pointer fields available for use by the text provider.
     * Not used by UText common code.
     * @stable ICU 3.6
      */
    const void     *r;

/**
      *  Private field reserved for future use by the UText framework
      *     itself.  This is not to be touched by the text providers.
      * @internal ICU 3.4
      */
    void           *privP;

/* --- 16 byte alignment boundary--- */

/**
      * (protected) Integer field reserved for use by the text provider.
      * Not used by the UText framework, or by the client (user) of the UText.
      * @stable ICU 3.4
      */
    int64_t         a;

/**
      * (protected) Integer field reserved for use by the text provider.
      * Not used by the UText framework, or by the client (user) of the UText.
      * @stable ICU 3.4
      */
    int32_t         b;

/**
      * (protected) Integer field reserved for use by the text provider.
      * Not used by the UText framework, or by the client (user) of the UText.
      * @stable ICU 3.4
      */
    int32_t         c;

/*  ---- 16 byte alignment boundary---- */

/**
      *  Private field reserved for future use by the UText framework
      *     itself.  This is not to be touched by the text providers.
      * @internal ICU 3.4
      */
    int64_t         privA;
    /**
      *  Private field reserved for future use by the UText framework
      *     itself.  This is not to be touched by the text providers.
      * @internal ICU 3.4
      */
    int32_t         privB;
    /**
      *  Private field reserved for future use by the UText framework
      *     itself.  This is not to be touched by the text providers.
      * @internal ICU 3.4
      */
    int32_t         privC;
};

/**
 *  Common function for use by Text Provider implementations to allocate and/or initialize
 *  a new UText struct.  To be called in the implementation of utext_open() functions.
 *  If the supplied UText parameter is null, a new UText struct will be allocated on the heap.
 *  If the supplied UText is already open, the provider's close function will be called
 *  so that the struct can be reused by the open that is in progress.
 *
 * @param ut   pointer to a UText struct to be re-used, or null if a new UText
 *             should be allocated.
 * @param extraSpace The amount of additional space to be allocated as part
 *             of this UText, for use by types of providers that require
 *             additional storage.
 * @param status Errors are returned here.
 * @return pointer to the UText, allocated if necessary, with extra space set up if requested.
 * @stable ICU 3.4
 */
U_STABLE UText * U_EXPORT2
utext_setup(UText *ut, int32_t extraSpace, UErrorCode *status);

// do not use #ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API around the following!
/**
  * @internal
  *  Value used to help identify correctly initialized UText structs.
  *  Note:  must be publicly visible so that UTEXT_INITIALIZER can access it.
  */
enum {
    UTEXT_MAGIC = 0x345ad82c
};

/**
 * initializer to be used with local (stack) instances of a UText
 *  struct.  UText structs must be initialized before passing
 *  them to one of the utext_open functions.
 *
 * @stable ICU 3.6
 */
#define UTEXT_INITIALIZER {                                        \
                  UTEXT_MAGIC,          /* magic                */ \
                  0,                    /* flags                */ \
                  0,                    /* providerProps        */ \
                  sizeof(UText),        /* sizeOfStruct         */ \
                  0,                    /* chunkNativeLimit     */ \
                  0,                    /* extraSize            */ \
                  0,                    /* nativeIndexingLimit  */ \
                  0,                    /* chunkNativeStart     */ \
                  0,                    /* chunkOffset          */ \
                  0,                    /* chunkLength          */ \
                  NULL,                 /* chunkContents        */ \
                  NULL,                 /* pFuncs               */ \
                  NULL,                 /* pExtra               */ \
                  NULL,                 /* context              */ \
                  NULL, NULL, NULL,     /* p, q, r              */ \
                  NULL,                 /* privP                */ \
                  0, 0, 0,              /* a, b, c              */ \
                  0, 0, 0               /* privA,B,C,           */ \
                  }

U_CDECL_END

#if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API

U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

/**
 * \class LocalUTextPointer
 * "Smart pointer" class, closes a UText via utext_close().
 * For most methods see the LocalPointerBase base class.
 *
 * @see LocalPointerBase
 * @see LocalPointer
 * @stable ICU 4.4
 */
U_DEFINE_LOCAL_OPEN_POINTER(LocalUTextPointer, UText, utext_close);

U_NAMESPACE_END

#endif